8. PEP8 Standards

Imports

Imports are always put at the top of the file, just after any module comments and docstrings, and before module globals and constants.

Imports should be grouped in the following order:

Standard library imports.
Related third party imports.
Local application/library specific imports.

You should put a blank line between each group of imports.

Module Level Dunder Names

Module level “dunders” (i.e. names with two leading and two trailing underscores) such as __all__, __author__, __version__, etc. should be placed after the module docstring but before any import statements except from __future__ imports. Python mandates that future-imports must appear in the module before any other code except docstrings:

"""This is the example module.

This module does stuff.
"""

from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL

__all__ = ['a', 'b', 'c']
__version__ = '0.1'
__author__ = 'Cardinal Biggles'

import os
import sys

Naming Conventions

b (single lowercase letter)
B (single uppercase letter)
lowercase
lower_case_with_underscores
UPPERCASE
UPPER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORES
CapitalizedWords (or CapWords, or CamelCase – so named because of the bumpy look of its letters [4]). This is also sometimes known as StudlyCaps.

Note: When using acronyms in CapWords, capitalize all the letters of the acronym. Thus HTTPServerError is better than HttpServerError.
mixedCase (differs from CapitalizedWords by initial lowercase character!) Capitalized_Words_With_Underscores (ugly!)

In addition, the following special forms using leading or trailing underscores are recognized (these can generally be combined with any case convention):

_single_leading_underscore: weak “internal use” indicator. E.g. from M import * does not import objects whose names start with an underscore.

_single_trailing_underscore: used by convention to avoid conflicts with Python keyword, e.g.

tkinter.Toplevel(master, class_='ClassName')

__double_leading_underscore: when naming a class attribute, invokes name mangling (inside class FooBar, __boo becomes FooBar__boo; see below).

__double_leading_and_trailing_underscore__: “magic” objects or attributes that live in user-controlled namespaces. E.g. init, import or file. Never invent such names; only use them as documented.

Misc

Trailing commas are usually optional, except they are mandatory when making a tuple of one element (and in Python 2 they have semantics for the print statement). For clarity, it is recommended to surround the latter in (technically redundant) parentheses:
```
# Correct:
FILES = ('setup.cfg',)

# Wrong:
FILES = 'setup.cfg',
```