Bonds

Table of Contents

A. Concept Checks

• What is yeild to maturity?

  • The discount rate that makes the PV of a bond’s payments equal to its price.

  $$\text{Bond Value}={\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{t=1}^T\frac{\text{Coupon}}{(1+r{)}^t}+\frac{\text{Par Value}}{(1+r{)}^T}$$

• Bond prices and YTM are positively or inversely related?

  • Inversely related

• What are Premium and Discount bonds?

  • Bonds selling above/below par value
  • Premium bonds – Bond prices are higher than par value
  • Discount bonds – Bond prices are lower than par value

• Bond prices are less sensitive to interest rate if bond has shorter maturity and higher YTM

• An increase in a bond’s YTM results in a smaller price change than a decrease in yield of equal magnitude

B. Yield Curve

The relation between yields and time to maturity.

• Also called term structure of interest rates.

1. Expectations Hypothesis

Long term rates equal cumulative expected future short term rates.

Interest rate on a two-year bond:

$r_1$ = current interest rate on a one-year bond $E(r_2)$ = Expected future short-term rate = One-year rate, one year from now

$$(1+y_n{)}^n=(1+y_{n-1}{)}^{n-1}(1+f_n)$$

2. Liquidity Preference Theory

To hold longer-term bonds, investors may require a liquidity premium.

• Why?
  • Investors in general prefer short-term bonds, which have higher liquidity.
    • May need to sell bonds before maturity
  • Longer maturity bonds have higher interest rate risk